![]() ![]() In Japanese, you have to choose a proper conjunction depending on the context. English conjunctions such as “and” and “but” are very powerful. Reverse Conditions (Complaint or Surprise)ĭon’t follow the English translations, even though we have shown them in the table. Here is the situation where ところが comes into play. が, けど, けれど, and けれども might be better, but there is no implication. With this following example, なのに is not suitable because the speaker just tells the fact and doesn’t complain. The difference is that ところが implies unexpected results. ところが also expresses reverse conditions and cannot be used with the speaker’s feelings, such as volition, invitations, requests, judgments, etc. Keep in mind they are very frequently used. They can express reverse conditions without implying complaint and surprise, like “I’m hungry, but there is no food.” In this context, there are other conjunctions with the same meanings, which are でも and しかし. You can just use が, けど, けれど, and けれども as conjunctions, though we sometimes attach だ to them like in だけど. The examples mean “Despite the fact that I’m hungry, there is no food.” Japanese people sometimes add それ like in それなのに. Both of them express reverse conditions with a nuance of complaint or surprise. すると works the same as …と when you introduce something that happened in the past. However, as you learned, you need to drop に and cannot make requests, invitations, commands, or other such expressions in this context. …ために has the function of expressing causation. They take over the function and thus express the same meaning as the originals both of the examples here mean “I got tired, so I will go home.” だから and なので are the counterparts to …から and …ので. The following examples mean “The teacher is tender and beautiful.” 先生 せんせいは 優 やさしい し、 綺 き 麗 れい(だ / です)。 Thus, you can replace it with one of the conjunctions それに, そして, or それから. The meaning in the example below is “My mother will cook, and my father will do the washing.” 母 ははは 料 りょう 理 りを して、 父 ちちは 洗濯 せんたくを(する / します)。 In that case, the te-form is equivalent to the conjunctions それに, そして, and それから. You have a case where actions are listed. Both of the above examples mean “Breakfast is rice, miso soup, and fish.” When you list nouns, the parallel marker と is equivalent. それに, そして, and それから all have the same meaning and can make parallel lists. However, それから has another function, which is to express the phrase “since then.” The following example means “I came to Japan one year ago. In general, そして and それから are used in the same way. Both of the above examples have the same meaning, which is “I bought a meal and went home.” However, …て sounds more natural when the length of the sentence is short. ![]() そして and それから express sequences of events and are the counterpart to …て. Conjunctions don’t have any conjugation and should be simple enough to master here. Therefore, if you have difficulty understanding conjunctions, you may have to read the previous lessons once again. You may treat this lesson as a review because we won’t introduce new grammar, but how to reword what you have learned by using conjunctions. Explanation for How Japanese Conjunctions Work Table of Contents In this lesson, you will learn some major conjunctions in Japanese. On the other hand, you can also express the same things by using conjunctions. By conjugating verbs, you can express various things such as sequential, parallel, and simultaneous actions. This is the last lesson in the compound sentence section. ![]()
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